Action research: a methodological introduction

As a result of its greatly increased in popularity and range of application, action research has now become a loosely applied term for any kind of attempt to improve or investigate practice. In view of the confusion that frequently arises from this, the main aim of this author is to clarify the term. After a brief history of the method, the makes a case for regarding action research as one of a number of different forms of action inquiry which he briefly defines as any ongoing, systematic, empirically based attempt to improve practice. The author them discusses the role of theory in action research before describing what he sees as the distinguishing characteristics of the process. Next, a more detailed examination of the action research cycle is prefaced by an account of the way in which action research stands between routine practice and academic research. The author then moves on to discuss some common issues with the method, such participation, the role of reflection, the need for knowledge management, and the ethics of the process. The last part of the paper covers five different ‘modes’ of action research, and it concludes with an outline of the structure of an action research dissertation.